Essay ⬩ 6 min

Not your tools, not your rules

The first invention of humanity was a tool.

Something held close. Something made with care. Something that could turn hunger into food, cold into shelter, fear into courage, and silence into song.

Around the oldest fires, before there were cities or companies or software, people learned a simple truth: when you can shape your tools, you can shape your life.


For a long time, tools were built and belonged to the people who used them. The relationship with a hammer or a knife was intimate and direct. If a handle cracked, you repaired it. If a blade dulled, you sharpened it. If it didn’t fit your hand, you changed it until it did.

The tool adapted to the person, not the other way around.

As work grew bigger, our tools grew distant. Fields turned into workshops. Workshops into humming factories, built on infrastructure too heavy to hold alone. The world optimized for scale, and building your own tools wasn’t an option anymore.


In the last decades, we entered the era of knowledge work. Its raw material isn’t grain or steel: it’s information, the invisible clay we call data.

One third of the working population spend their days shaping data using a virtual tool: software.

Software is unlike any tool that came before. It’s rented, not owned, mainly for good reasons. It is difficult to build, secure, maintain, and evolve. But that convenience comes at a cost. And that cost is agency.

Software is more than a tool: it’s also a place. It’s where work happens. When you rent a place, the landlord keeps control of the walls, the plumbing, and the electricity. You can arrange the furniture however you like, but you’re always living within someone else’s building.

Over time, teams became prisoners of software. Once the landlord held the key, every promise became conditional: the lights could dim, the exits could narrow, the rules could change. What looked like a tool became a dependency — paid each month, endured each day.


For centuries, every new tool shared one assumption: a person would use it. Whether it was a hammer, a machine, or a spreadsheet.

Now, software can operate software. Agents can navigate interfaces, retrieve information, execute workflows, and make decisions. The interface is no longer the product. It’s simply one way work gets done.

Before this new reality, companies had a binary choice: buy or build software. Today, there is a third option: assemble it into an Operating System.

Open source and AI make it possible to build almost anything. But just because we can rebuild everything doesn’t mean we should. What we must own is the system: our data, our knowledge, our workflows, our rules. The shared foundation that allows both people and agents to do their best work.


Once that foundation is owned, everything else becomes optional.

We can buy the complex tools. Build the ones that matter. Swap one tool for another whenever we want. Or stop using tools altogether and let agents do the work.

The result is a new kind of company. Instead of accumulating subscriptions, it accumulates capabilities. Its Operating System becomes an asset that compounds over time.

More importantly, it gives people their agency back. They spent decades adapting to software instead of software adapting to them, and it’s finally coming to an end.


Every civilization advances by expanding human agency through better tools.

The wheel expanded how far we could travel. The plow expanded what we could grow. The printing press expanded what we could know. The computer expanded what we could create.

Knowledge workers are about to expand what they can create, but they need the right environment to do so.

Around modern fires, now that there are cities, companies, and software, people are about to rediscover a simple truth:

When you can shape your tools, you can shape your life.

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